6.l. Pololu Wheel Encoder functions

The PololuWheelEncoders class and the associated C functions provide an easy interface for using the Pololu Wheel Encoders, which allow a robot to know exactly how far its motors have turned at any point in time. Note that this library should work with all standard quadrature encoders, not just the Pololu Wheel Encoders.

This section of the library makes uses of pin-change interrupts to quickly detect and record each transition on the encoder. Interrupt vectors for PCINT0, PCINT1, PCINT2 will be defined if functions from this library are used, even if the pins selected are all on a single port, so this section of the library will conflict with any other uses of these interrupts. The interrupt service routine (ISR) will take about 20-30 us. If you need better control of the interrupts used, or you want to write a more efficient ISR, you can copy the library code from PololuWheelEncoders.cpp into your own project and modify it as necessary.

Complete documentation of this library’s methods can be found in Section 18 of the Pololu AVR Library Command Reference.

Usage Notes

The two sensors A and B on the encoder board go through a four-step cycle as each tooth of the wheel passes by, for a total of 48 counts per revolution. This corresponds to about 3 mm for each count, though you will have to calibrate values for your own robot to get a precise measure of distance.

Normally, there will be at least 1 ms between counts, which gives the ISR plenty of time to finish one count before the next one occurs. This is very important, because if two counts occur quickly enough, the ISR will not be able to determine the direction of rotation. In this case, an error can be detected by the functions encoders_check_error_m1() or encoders_check_error_m2(). An error like this either corresponds to a miscalibration of the encoder or a timing issue with the software. For example, if interrupts are disabled for several ms while the wheels are spinning quickly, errors will probably occur.

Usage Examples

This library comes with one example program in libpololu-avr\examples. The example measures the outputs of two encoders, one connected to ports PC2 and PC3, and another connected to ports PC4 and PC5 – these are the leftmost four ports on the Orangutan. The values of the two encoder outputs are displayed on the LCD, and errors (if any) are reported below. For use on the Baby Orangutan, remove the LCD display code (and come up with some other way to use the values).

1. wheel_encoders1

#include <pololu/orangutan.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>

int main()
{
  encoders_init(16,17,18,19); // the Arduino numbers for ports PC2 - PC5

  while(1)
  {
    lcd_goto_xy(0,0);
    print_long(encoders_get_counts_m1());
    print(" ");

    lcd_goto_xy(4,0);
    print_long(encoders_get_counts_m2());
    print(" ");

    if(encoders_check_error_m1())
    {
      lcd_goto_xy(0,1);
      print("Error 1");
    }
    if(encoders_check_error_m2())
    {
      lcd_goto_xy(0,1);
      print("Error 2");
    }

    delay_ms(50);
  }
}